Baby Butterfly Punnett Squares Pictures 1 Line Butterfly
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 Blueish Morpho, Family unit Nymphalidae | ||||||||||
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A butterfly is an insect of the Order Lepidoptera that belongs to either the superfamily Papilionoidea or the superfamily Hesperioidea ("the skippers"). Some authors would include besides members of the superfamily Hedyloidea, the American butterfly moths. Although the skippers (superfamily Hesperioidea) are usually counted every bit collywobbles, they are somewhat intermediate between the rest of the collywobbles and the remaining Lepidoptera, the moths.
In reality, the separation of Lepidoptera into butterflies and moths is a common, not a taxonomic classification, and does not involve taxonomic rank.
Butterflies add together important economic, ecological, and aesthetic values. As pollinators of flowers, butterflies aid in the cultivation of fruits and vegetables, and in the propagation of wild found species. Ecologically, they serve equally food for many animals—reptiles, fish, amphibians, birds, mammals, other insects, and spiders. Because of their sensitivity to environmental changes, they can serve as warning signs of deleterious conditions. Aesthetically, human fascination with butterflies has led to their being featured in paintings, poetry, and books, and every bit symbols used for jewelry, wallpaper, and and then forth. Butterfly watching is a popular hobby. The life cycle of collywobbles also has been depicted as an apt metaphor for eternal life, every bit the "earth-leap" caterpillar transforms into the ethereal butterfly.
People who study or collect butterflies (or the closely related moths) are called lepidopterists. The study of butterflies is known as butterflying. An older term for a lepidopterist is aurelian.
Some butterflies are now considered endangered species, and the Xerces blue butterfly is the first known butterfly to become extinct in North America.
Contents
- i Butterfly scales
- 2 Classification
- 2.1 Butterfly families
- ii.2 Some common/well-known butterfly species
- two.three Difference between collywobbles and moths
- 2.4 Taxonomic problems
- 3 The four stages in the lifecycle of a butterfly
- 3.i Egg
- 3.ii Caterpillars
- 3.3 Fly development in larval stage
- iii.4 Pupa
- 3.5 Adult Butterfly or Imago
- iv Habits
- v Etymology
- 6 Additional photos
- 7 References
- 8 Field guides to collywobbles
- 9 Credits
Butterfly scales
Butterfly wing scales, microphotography
Butterflies belong to Lepidoptera or scaly-winged insects ( lepidos = scales and pteron = wings in Greek). Butterflies take fine scales on their wings that await like a fine powder. These scales are colored and result in giving striking colors and patterns to many collywobbles, while providing cryptic colors and camouflage patterns to others. When touched by humans, the wings tend to lose some scales. If likewise many scales are lost, the butterfly'due south power to fly will be impaired. The scales on the butterfly wings have many backdrop, mostly optical, that interest scientists. The patterns they brand are also seen as the best animal arrangement for understanding the developmental and genetic processes that produce morphological variation in nature.
Butterflies have been used as model organisms for a diversity of fields of report, spanning environmental, evolutionary biology, and conservation biology (Boggs et al. 2003). Much of the theory on aposematism and mimicry arose from nineteenth-century studies by lepidopterists studying collywobbles in the New Globe and the Orient. Considerable research by H. F. Nijhout and others have been washed on developmental biological science that take provided insights into the development of color patterns in butterfly wings.
Classification
| Meadow Argus, a common species of Australia |
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Presently, butterflies are classified in two superfamilies, Hesperioidea, consisting of the 'skippers,' and Papilionoidea, or 'true butterflies.' Skippers differ in several important means from the remaining collywobbles. Skippers have the antennae clubs hooked backward, have stocky bodies, and possess stronger wing muscles and meliorate eyes. However, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea are considered sister taxa, then the collywobbles collectively are thought to establish a true clade. Some modernistic taxonomists place them all in superfamily Papilionoidea, distinguishing the skippers from the other butterflies at the series level only. In this system, Papilionoidea consists of the series Hesperiiformes (with one family unit only, the skipper family unit Hesperiidae) and the series Papilioniformes (with 5 families). When skippers are classified in the superfamily Hesperioidea, information technology likewise includes the 1 family unit, the Hesperiidae.
Butterfly families
The five families of true butterflies commonly recognized in the Papilionoidea are:
- Family Papilionidae, the Swallowtails and Birdwings
- Family Pieridae, the Whites and Yellows
- Family Lycaenidae, the Dejection and Coppers, also called the Gossamer-Winged Butterflies
- Family unit Riodinidae, the Metalmark butterflies
- Family Nymphalidae, the Brush-footed butterflies
Some mutual/well-known butterfly species
In that location are between 15,000 and 20,000 species of collywobbles worldwide. Some well-known species from around the world include:
- Swallowtails and Birdwings, Family unit Papilionidae
- Swallowtail, Papilio machaon
- Spicebush Swallowtail, Papilio troilus
- Lime Butterfly, Papilio demoleus
- Ornithoptera genus (Birdwings; the largest butterflies)
- Whites or Yellows, Family Pieridae
- Small-scale White, Pieris rapae
- Green-veined White, Pieris napi
- Common Jezebel, Delias eucharis
- Blues and Coppers or Gossamer-Winged Butterflies, Family Lycaenidae
- Xerces Blue, Glaucopsyche xerces
- Karner Blue, Lycaeides melissa samuelis (endangered)
- Red Pierrot, Talicada nyseus
- Metalmark butterflies, Family Riodinidae
- Lange'southward Metalmark Butterfly
- Plum Judy, Abisara echerius
- Brush-footed collywobbles, Family unit Nymphalidae
- Painted Lady, or Cosmopolite, Vanessa cardui
- Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus
- Morpho genus
- Speckled Wood, Pararge aegeria
- Skippers, Family Hesperiidae
- Silver-spotted skipper, Hesperia comma
- Aaron's Skipper, Poanes aaroni
- Chequered Skipper, Carterocephalus palaemon
- Small Skipper, Thymelicus sylvestris
Difference betwixt butterflies and moths
Butterflies and moths are often confused with each other. This is understandable, given that separation of Lepidoptera into collywobbles and moths is a mutual nomenclature, not 1 that is recognized by taxonomists. The "moths" are an artificial group, divers only as everything in the social club that is not a butterfly. Butterflies, on the other mitt, are a natural group, in that they are all considered to have descended from a single common ancestor, but they practise not accept a formal taxonomic rank.
Although there are many ways of distinguishing a butterfly from a moth, there are exceptions to every rule. Amid some of the ways of distinguishing them are:
- Antennae. Most butterflies have thin, slender, filamentous antennae, which are club-shaped at the terminate, while moths oft have comb-similar or feathery antennae, or filamentous and unclubbed. This distinction is the ground for the non-standard taxonomic divisions in the Lepidoptera—the Rhopalocera ("clubbed horn," the butterflies) and the Heterocera ("varied horn," the moths).
- Fly coupling mechanisms. Many moths have a frenulum, which is a filament arising from the hindwing and coupling with barbs on the forewing. The frenulum can exist observed only when a specimen is in hand. Collywobbles lack these structures.
- Pupae. Well-nigh moth caterpillars spin a cocoon made of silk within which they metamorphose into the pupal stage. Well-nigh butterflies on the other hand class an exposed pupa, which is also termed as a chrysalis.
- Coloration of the wings. Well-nigh butterflies have bright colors on their wings. Nocturnal moths on the other hand are usually plain brown, greyness, white, or black and often with obscuring patterns of zigzags or swirls, which help camouflage them as they remainder during the day. However many twenty-four hours-flight moths are brightly colored, especially if they are toxic. A few butterflies are too plain-colored, like the Cabbage White butterfly.
- Structure of the body. Moths tend to have a stout and hairy or furry-looking bodies, while butterflies accept slender and smoother abdomens. Moths take larger scales on their wings that brand them look more dense and fluffy. Butterflies, on the other manus, possess fine scales. This departure is possibly due to the need for moths to conserve heat during the cooler nights, whereas butterflies are able to blot solar radiation.
- Behavioral differences. Most moths are nocturnal or crepuscular, while most butterflies are diurnal. Moths usually residuum with their wings spread out to their sides. Butterflies frequently fold their wings above their backs when they are perched, although they will occasionally "bask" with their wings spread for curt periods.
However, since there are many exceptions to each of these characteristics, it is mayhap better to think of butterflies every bit a group of day-flying moths.
Taxonomic bug
A major written report (Wahlberg et al. 2005), combining morphological and molecular data, concluded that Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, and Riodinidae could all exist strongly supported as monophyletic clades, but the status of Nymphalidae is equivocal. Lycaenidae and Riodinidae were confirmed every bit sister taxa, and Papilionidae as the outgroup to the residue of the true butterflies, but the location of Pieridae inside the design of descent was unclear, with different lines of evidence suggesting different conclusions. The data suggested that the moths of Hedyloidea are indeed more closely related to the collywobbles than to other moths.
Some older classifications recognize additional families, for example Danaidae, Heliconiidae, Libytheidae, and Satyridae, just mod classifications treat these as subfamilies within the Nymphalidae.
The four stages in the lifecycle of a butterfly
Unlike many insects, collywobbles do not experience a nymph menstruum (an immature insect, whose class is already that of an adult), but instead get through a pupal stage, which lies between the larva and the developed stage (the imago).
- Egg
- Larva, known as a caterpillar
- Pupa (chrysalis)
- Adult butterfly (imago)
Egg
Butterfly eggs consist of a hard-ridged outer layer of beat, called the chorion. This is lined with a thin coating of wax, which prevents the egg from drying out before the larva has had fourth dimension to fully develop. Each egg contains a number of tiny funnel-shaped openings at one end, chosen micropyles; the purpose of these holes is to allow sperm to enter and fertilize the egg. Butterfly and moth eggs vary profoundly in size betwixt species, but they are all either spherical or ovate.
Butterfly eggs are fixed to a leafage with a special mucilage that hardens rapidly. As it hardens, it contracts deforming the shape of the egg. This glue is easily seen surrounding the base of operations of every egg, forming a meniscus. The same glue is produced by a pupa to secure the setae of the cremaster. This gum is so hard that the silk pad, to which the setae are glued, cannot exist separated.
Caterpillars
Larvae, or caterpillars, are multi-legged eating machines. They consume constitute leaves and spend practically all of their time in search of food.
Caterpillars mature through a series of stages, called instars. Near the end of each instar, the larva undergoes a process called apolysis, in which the cuticle, the tough roofing that is a mixture of chitin and specialized proteins, is released from the epidermis and the epidermis begins to grade a new cuticle beneath. At the end of each instar, the larva molts the quondam cuticle, and the new cuticle rapidly hardens and pigments. Development of butterfly wing patterns begins by the last larval instar.
Fly development in larval stage
Butterflies belong to the specialized and prolific lineage of holometabolous insects, which means that wings or wing pads are non visible on the exterior of the larva, just when larvae are dissected, tiny developing "wing disks" tin exist establish on the second and third thoracic segments, in place of the spiracles that are apparent on abdominal segments.
Fly disks develop in association with a trachea that runs forth the base of the wing, and are surrounded by a thin "peripodial membrane," which is linked to the outer epidermis of the larva by a tiny duct.
Fly disks are very modest until the last larval instar, when they increase dramatically in size, are invaded by branching tracheae from the wing base that precede the germination of the wing veins, and brainstorm to express molecular markers in patterns associated with several landmarks of the fly.
Near pupation, the wings are forced outside the epidermis nether pressure from the hemolymph (the fluid in the open up circulatory system), and although they are initially quite flexible and fragile, past the fourth dimension the pupa breaks free of the larval cuticle they have adhered tightly to the outer cuticle of the pupa (in obtect pupae). Within hours, the wings form a cuticle so hard and well-joined to the body that pupae can be picked upward and handled without damage to the wings.
Pupa
When the larva exceeds a minimum weight at a particular fourth dimension of day, it will end feeding and begin "wandering" in a quest for a suitable pupation site, usually the underside of a leaf. The larva transforms into a pupa (chrysalis), which so transforms into a butterfly by metamorphosis. To transform from the miniature wings visible on the outside of the pupa into big structures usable for flight, the pupal wings undergo rapid mitosis and blot a great deal of nutrients. If i wing is surgically removed early on, the other three will grow to a larger size. In the pupa, the fly forms a structure that becomes compressed from top to bottom and pleated from proximal to distal ends as it grows, then that it can rapidly be unfolded to its full adult size. Several boundaries seen in the adult colour design are marked by changes in the expression of particular transcription factors in the early pupa.
Adult Butterfly or Imago
The adult, sexually mature, stage of the insect is known every bit the imago. As Lepidoptera, butterflies take iv wings that are covered with tiny scales, but, unlike nearly moths, the fore- and hindwings are not hooked together, permitting a more graceful flight. A butterfly has six legs; the larva besides has vi truthful legs and a number of prolegs. After it emerges from its pupal phase, information technology cannot wing for some time, considering its wings have not all the same unfolded. A newly-emerged butterfly needs to spend some time 'inflating' its wings with blood and letting them dry out, during which fourth dimension information technology is extremely vulnerable to predators.
Habits
Butterflies live primarily on nectar from flowers. Some too derive nourishment from pollen, tree sap, rotting fruit, dung, and dissolved minerals in wet sand or clay. Butterflies play an important ecological role equally pollinators.
Every bit adults, collywobbles are able to consume liquids just by means of their proboscis. They regularly feed on nectar and sip h2o from clammy patches. This they do for water, for energy from sugars in nectar, and for sodium and other minerals that are vital for their reproduction.
Several species of butterflies need more sodium than provided by the nectar they drink from flowers. As such, they are attracted to the sodium in salt (which the males often requite to the females to ensure fertility). As human being sweat contains significant quantities of salt, they sometimes country on people, to the please of the young at eye everywhere.
Too damp patches, some butterflies also visit dung, rotting fruit, or carcasses to obtain the essential minerals that they demand.
Butterflies sense the air for scents, current of air, and nectar using their antennae. The antennae come in various shapes and colors. The hesperids have a pointed angle or claw to the antennae.
Some butterflies, such as the Monarch butterfly, are migratory. Indeed, the migration time of the Monarch butterfly far exceeds the lifetime of an private Monarch.
Etymology
The Old English word for butterfly was buttorfleoge apparently because butterflies were thought to steal milk. A similar word occurs in Dutch originating from the same belief. This is considered to have led to the evolution of its nowadays name form: butterfly.
An alternative folk etymology, electric current in Groovy United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, is that it originated as a wrinkle of term butter-coloured fly referring to the Brimstone Butterfly Gonepteryx rhamni, oftentimes the first butterfly of spring. Before, information technology was mistakenly considered that the word butterfly came from a metathesis of "flutterby."
Boosted photos
Family unit Papilionidae- The Swallowtails
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Scarce Swallowtail,
Iphiclides podalirius. -
Palawan Birdwing,
Troides trojana. -
Cairns Birdwing,
Ornithoptera priamus. -
Blue Mormon,
Papilio polymnestor.
Family Pieridae - The Whites and Yellows
-
Green-veined White,
Pieris napi. -
The Orange Tip,
Anthocharis cardamines. -
Common Jezebel,
Delias eucharis. -
Common Brimstone,
Gonepteryx rhamni.
Family Riodinidae - The Metalmarks, Punches and Judies
-
Punchinello,
Zemeros flegyas -
Tailed Judy,
Abisara neophron -
Lange'southward Metalmark.
Family Nymphalidae - The Brush-footed Collywobbles
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Common Nawab,
Polyura athamas,
a charaxine Nymphalid
from Bharat. -
Morpho rhetenor helena a morphiine from
South America. -
Julia Heliconian,
Dryas julia. -
Sara Longwing,
Heliconius sara
a heliconine nymphalid. -
Glasswing butterfly,
Greta oto. -
Lorquin's Admiral,
Limenitis lorquini
a limenitidine nymphalid. -
Leopard Lacewing,
Cethosia cyane of
subfamily Cyrestinae. -
Peacock Butterfly,
Inachis io. -
Comma Butterfly,
Polygonia c-album. -
Common Buckeye,
Junonia coenia. -
Ruby Patch,
Chlosyne janais.
Family Lycaenidae - The Blues
-
Ruby-red Pierrot,
Talicada nyseus. -
Minor Copper,
Lycaena phlaeas. -
Monkey Puzzle,
Rathinda amor. -
Banded Bluish Pierrot,
Discolampa ethion.
References
ISBN links back up NWE through referral fees
- Bingham, C. T. 1905. Creature of British India. Collywobbles. Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd.
- Boggs, C., Westward. Watt, and P. Ehrlich. 2003. Butterflies: Evolution and Ecology Taking Flying. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226063186
- Heppner, J. B. 1998. Nomenclature of Lepidoptera. Holarctic Lepidoptera, Suppl. 1.
- Pyle, R. K. 1992. Handbook for Butterfly Watchers. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Originally published 1984. ISBN 0395616298
- Wahlberg, Northward., One thousand. F. Braby, A. V. Z. Brower, R. de Jong, M.-One thousand. Lee, Due south. Nylin, N. E. Pierce, F. A. H. Sperling, R. Vila, A. D. Warren & Eastward. Zakharov. 2005. Synergistic effects of combining morphological and molecular data in resolving the phylogeny of butterflies and skippers. Proceedings of the Royal Club, Series B (Biological Sciences) 272: 1577-1586.
Field guides to butterflies
- Collywobbles of North America, Jim P. Brock and Kenn Kaufman. 2006. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0618768262
- Butterflies through Binoculars: The East, Jeffrey Glassberg. 1999. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195106687
- Butterflies through Binoculars: The West, Jeffrey Glassberg. 2001. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195106695
- A Field Guide to Eastern Collywobbles, Paul Opler. 1994. Revised edition, 1998. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395904536
- A Field Guide to Western Butterflies, Paul Opler. 1999. ISBN 0395791510
- Peterson First Guide to Butterflies and Moths, Paul Opler. 1994. 2nd revised edition, 1998. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395906652
- Las Mariposas de Machu Picchu by Gerardo Lamas (2003)
- The Millennium Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland past Jim Asher (ed.), et al.
- Pocket Guide to the Collywobbles of Groovy U.k. and Ireland by Richard Lewington
- Butterflies of United kingdom and Europe (Collins Wild fauna Trust Guides) past Michael Chinery
- Butterflies of Europe past Tom Tolman and Richard Lewington (2001)
- Collywobbles of Europe New Field Guide and Primal past Tristan Lafranchis (2004)
- Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History by Meena Haribal (1994)
- Butterflies of Peninsular India by Krushnamegh Kunte (Universities Press, 2005)
- Butterflies of the Indian Region by Col. M. A. Wynter-Blyth (Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, India, 1957)
- A Guide to Common Butterflies of Singapore by Steven Neo Say Hian (Singapore Science Centre)
- Butterflies of W Malaysia and Singapore by W. A. Fleming (Longman Malaysia)
- The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula past A. Due south. Corbet and H. M. Pendlebury (The Malayan Nature Guild)
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